The software components CMSIS-View:Fault provide infrastructure and API function calls to store, record, and analyze the Cortex-M Exception Fault information.
Arm Cortex-M processors raise an exception fault on critical system failures such as illegal memory write or read, access to an disabled peripheral, execution of an invalid instruction, or division by zero:
A typical execution flow is shown in the diagram below.
An application note is available that describes the Cortex-M fault exceptions from the programmers view and explains their usage during the software development cycle: KAN209 - Using Cortex-M3/M4/M7 Fault Exceptions.